Cold, crisp air in the lungs, the sound of "schussing" over freshly groomed snow, the feeling of sailing over frozen water: these are sensations that come from participating in winter sports and recreation activities. Alpine (downhill) and Nordic (cross-country) skiing, sledding, ice skating, ice racing, and hockey are favorite activities the world over due to their invigorating nature, the speed one can acquire on slick winter surfaces, and the contact they provide with the crystallized elements of a winter environment.
In this, the second in a series of fact sheets on adapted sports and recreation equipment, we highlight devices for winter activities. Sports organizations and winter resorts with facilities and programs for sports enthusiasts with physical and sensory disabilities are also identified. Whether you're in it for the competition or just the fun of it, winter sports activities are thrilling and challenging. We hope that the equipment information contained in this fact sheet will assist you to partake in the excitement and exhilaration of playing in the snow! As with any type of sports, appropriate and well-fitted equipment is essential for performance and safety. Questions on the type or model of equipment that will best suit your needs should be directed to the product manufacturers, the appropriate sports organization, a therapist, or prosthetist.
Perhaps the first sport that comes to mind when one thinks of winter is skiing. Skiing attracts millions of people to the slopes and the countryside every year. For persons with disabilities, the use of gravity and accumulated speed to maneuver turns and traverse the mountain while downhill skiing are the same as for persons without disabilities; the techniques and equipment used by persons with physical disabilities, however, differ. There are two main classifications of skiers with disabilities: standing and sitting skiers.
Standing skiers with physical disabilities may use one, three, or four- track
skiing techniques. All three techniques are named for the number of tracks left
in the snow by the skier.
One-track skiing requires the most skill and involves the use of only one ski and a pair of regular ski poles - no special equipment is needed. Diana Golden, Ski Racing's U.S. Alpine Skier of the Year, 1987- 88, is a one-track skier with enormous success in the sport: she is a seven-time world champion in her class and was the first disabled athlete ever to receive endorsement fees by ski equipment manufacturers.
Three-track skiing involves the use of one lower extremity ski and two outriggers. Outriggers are forearm crutch-style adapted ski poles with short skis attached to them. These devices aid skiers by providing added balance and steering, and, depending on the model, more efficient braking ability.
Four-track skiing is an ideal technique for persons with a wide variety of disabilities. Four-trackers use two lower extremity skis and two outriggers for increased balance and stability on both sides.
Blind and low vision skiers learn the same skiing techniques and use, in most cases, the same ski equipment as non-disabled skiers. The one adaptive component that blind skiers must have in skiing is a companion skier to serve as a guide down the hill or across terrain. In downhill skiing, the companion skier usually skis behind the blind skier. This positioning eliminates the possibility of the guide confusing his or her left for the blind skier's right when looking uphill and calling directions. Some partners, however, may prefer to reverse this sequence so the blind skier can follow the guide's voice or a sound, such as a bell attached to the lead skier. Regardless of the position of the two skiers, the most important part of the relationship between a blind or low vision skier and the companion skier must be trust. The two skiers should agree upon concise commands to be used before hitting the slopes, as well as procedures for getting on and off the lifts. Skiing cross- country, the companion skier may ski either in front or behind the blind or low vision skier, or on the side.
Perhaps the toughest challenge for skiers with vision impairments is judging speed, but this may be overcome by occasionally dragging one pole behind or, with more experienced skiers, by skiing behind the guide and judging the distance between the two by voice or sound to regulate speed.
Skis
The skis themselves may be purchased from any large ski equipment manufacturer
through local retail ski shops. Most large ski manufacturers have special programs
for skiers with disabilities and will fill orders for single boots, skis, and
bindings (often at a discount). Contact the marketing or customer service departments
of individual ski companies directly for specific information on their single-unit
merchandising programs.
Outriggers
LaCome, Inc. manufactures the LaCome FlipSki, which is a forearm crutch
that can be used as a walking crutch or an outrigger. The crutch has a ski attachment
that can be "flipped" up into a vertical position by pulling a hand
grip cord attached to the crutch handle. The end of the ski attachment has ice
gripping points, allowing the crutches to be used for walking in icy or snowy
areas more safely. Metal claws at the back of the ski tip also provide a braking
action for skiers who cannot maneuver the conventional snowplow method.
LaCome also manufactures competition outriggers that do not convert into walking
crutches.
Enabling Technologies, Inc. also makes outriggers and flip-skis for mono-skiers (skiers who use sit-ski equipment) and three-trackers. The Superlite line of adaptive poles are made of aluminum with foam hand grips and Velcro cuff safety straps. The Superlites are available in all lengths for adults and children, and come in flip-ski, competition, or solid lowers. Radventure, Inc. of Oregon manufactures outriggers made of painted aluminum tubing with 6 inches of adjustability. The weights of their outriggers are only 1.9 pounds for the monoski model, 2 pounds for the three-tracker model with floating heads, and 2.1 pounds for the three- tracker model with flip-up tips. Radventure outriggers come in a variety of standard colors; custom colors can be ordered at an additional charge.
The Ski Pick by Innovator of Disability Equipment and Adaptations (IDEA), Inc., is a downhill ski pick specially designed to overcome problems for skiers with limited strength. The pick features a ten-inch forearm-support that can be strapped securely to the forearm, and a five-inch wide disk that allows for an easier plant in the snow.
Ski Stabilizers
Also called ski bras, these devices hold the tips of two skis together
by means of a non-marring clamp or cord. This type of device is useful for any
beginning skier as a training aid, and as an adaptive device for four-trackers
that may not have the necessary leg strength to keep the skis close together.
The design of ski bras allows snow plowing, edge turns, and parallel skiing.
Ski Eze USA Inc. manufactures three models of ski stabilizers. The Ski Eze stabilizers
have 5/16 inch, chrome- plated, twelve-gauge steel rods with hook and loop connection.
The rods are attached to the skis by means of an aluminum locking plate. Large
plastic knobs allow for easy attachment and detachment. The Ski Eze J type models
will not disengage while attached to the skis; their Model S-6 may be disengaged.
Models J-6 and S-6 allow the skis to move within six inches of one another;
Model J-8 has a maximum extension of eight inches.
The Slider, also manufactured by Ski Eze USA, is a ski bra that helps skiers to keep their skis together and allows sliding one ski forward at a time. This is particularly useful for movement in lift lines and control of the skis on flat terrain.
Ski Totes
For transporting a single ski, the Michigan chapter of the National
Handicapped Sports and Recreation Association (NHS) has developed the Three
Tracker's Ski Tote, which was designed for skiers with amputation to carry the
ski over the shoulder while using outriggers or crutches. The ski tote has a
thick felt pad to protect clothing from the ski's edges, three Velcro closure
straps (adjustable to any binding length), and a one-piece carrying strap.
Ski Prostheses and Aids
Skiers with below-the-knee amputation may decide to use specific devices
to assist them to achieve bent knee positioning of their prosthesis and to correct
weight distribution on the natural foot of unilateral amputees. Persons with
one above-the-knee amputation have a different weight distribution to compensate
for a missing limb, so skiers who do not use a prosthesis will most likely put
more weight on the outside of their ski, causing them to have difficulty turning
to the inside (the side of the missing limb). Canting is "the corrective
process of placing a bevel or shim between the ski and binding, or between the
foot and boot", according to Bernice Kegel, RPT, in the Journal of Rehabilitation
Research and Development: Clinical Supplement No. 1. Canting, therefore shifts
the weight for the skier. Lateral cants are wedges that are placed on the inside
edge of the ski allowing the ski to slide flat on the snow while the skier shifts
weight to accommodate the missing limb. Lateral cants can be acquired at most
ski shops.
Unilateral amputees who use a prosthesis when skiing should either obtain a below-the-knee skiing prosthesis with modified alignment or use a conventional prosthesis with a one-inch wedge under the heel of the ski boot to achieve the proper forward cant.
TRS, Inc. manufactures the AT-Ski-TD, or All Terrain Ski Terminal Device, that fits standard prosthetic wrists and allows the user to perform the flexing motion necessary to pole during either cross-country or downhill skiing. This "flex-away" action and a quick disconnect pole are safety features designed to reduce or eliminate stress and shock to the skier if he or she should fall.
Blind Skier Vests
For blind or low vision skiers, featherweight plastic vests are often
used to identify their vision impairment to other skiers. These vests are available
to disabled ski program instruction participants and at most ski resorts' instruction
schools.
Sit-Skiing
Sit-skiing is a relatively new sport, but one that is quickly increasing
in popularity among skiers with disabilities and able-bodied skiers alike.
Just as there are different types of techniques in standing skiing, there are
various forms of Alpine and Nordic sit-skiing.
Sled Skiing
Downhill sit-skiing with a sled started in the late 1970s when American
engineer Peter Axelson was encouraged to try the Norwegian pulk, or sled, at
the Colorado Outdoor Education Center for the Handicapped in Winter Park, CO.
Although the use of the pulk seemed a viable means of enjoying downhill skiing,
control of the direction of the sled and its speed needed improvement. Axelson
started to experiment and, with the help of the Paralyzed Veterans of America
(PVA), developed the Arroya sit-ski. Axelson created Beneficial Designs, Inc.
in 1981 to manufacture this model. (Although the Beneficial Designs, Inc. research
and engineering firm is still in business, the Arroya sit-ski line has been
discontinued.) Axelson went on to be a six-time member of the US Disabled Ski
Team (USDST) and the 1990 Jack Gerhardt Athlete of the Year, an award given
by the PVA.
To learn how to maneuver the sled ski, instructors use a line attached to the back of the sled and ski behind the sit-skier. This method, called tethering, allows the instructor to control the speed of the sled while the skier is learning to manipulate turns and to stop. Once the instructor is satisfied that the sit-skier has command over these skills, lessons may continue with the sled untethered.
Due to the lack of propulsion induced by gravity in Alpine skiing, Nordic sit-skiing with a sled requires sufficient upper body muscular strength to pull one's own body weight and that of the sled (an additional 10-40 pounds depending on the type of sled). Pole lengths vary from 50 to 135 centimeters. Beginning cross-country sit-skiers should use shorter poles at first, then longer ones as they gain experience. To get a good workout without running into any unexpected steep inclines, terrain and trails should be carefully selected.
Mono-Skiing
A more recent development in adaptive sit-skiing equipment is the mono-
ski. The mono-ski differs from sit-ski sleds in that the skier's seat
compartment (either bucket seat or shell style) is mounted on a single ski by
means of a suspension system. This configuration was first started with cross-country
sit-skis to give the skier a higher center of gravity enabling longer poles
to be used. This change gave skiers increased arm movement and elongated poling
strokes to facilitate forward motion on the flats.
Sleds
The first generation of sled skis inspired by Peter Axelson's Arroya
model consisted of a flat-bottomed "hull," or shell, in which the
sled skier sat. The skier's legs were covered with either a hard or soft cover
to keep them dry and warm. The bottom of the shell contained multiple aluminum
or stainless steel runners for control of direction and velocity, which the
skier achieved by shifting his or her weight and by arm movements. Safety features
included an aluminum back support/roll bar, a built-in evacuation harness, seat
and leg straps, knee cushions, and a molded seat cushion to absorb shock on
rough terrain. Most of the safety features of the Arroya models are maintained
in function, if not in identical form, in subsequent sled skis by other manufacturers.
Mountain Man, a company based in Montana, makes ski sleds for Nordic and Alpine skiing. The Downhill Sit-N-Ski is a downhill ski sled available in seven models for children and adults. Sled lengths and features vary according to whether the sled will be used for competition or normal ski use. The Sit-N-Ski's seat-shell/back support helps to properly anchor the skier in the sled by providing a secure, adaptable mounting for the fabric and foam cushion and an adjustable waist belt. These two components aid the skier in maintaining an upright posture and remaining firmly seated in the sled. The snugger the fit of skier and sled, the more control the skier will have over the equipment because the skier's motions will be directly translated into the sled's performance. The Children's Standard Sit-N-Ski has all the features of the adult size model. It measures 36 by 16 inches, weighs 18 pounds, and comes with 10- inch beginner's ski poles. The manufacturer considers this size suitable for children approximately 5 to 10 years old. A "Superman Cape" comes with each Mountain Man sled that attaches to the back support to protect the back of the sled while being loaded onto ski lifts. The Mountain Man Cross Country Sit-N-Ski is a model for Nordic skiing with a special suspension system between the sled and the cross-country skis. The Cross-Country Sit-N-Ski is made of fiberglass and Kevlar materials and comes with waterproof cover, cushions, adjustable ski poles, and a body heater.
Mountainsmith manufactures sleds that can be used for dog sledding and transporting individuals or gear. Although not specifically designed for it, the sleds can be used for cross-country sit-skiing as well. The Mountainsmith rigid harness sleds were developed to eliminate both side- to-side and front-to-back slippage in tracking when tethered. All harnesses fit inside the sleds and all sleds have aircraft grade aluminum runners on the bottom to aid straight tracking when untethered. Front and rear brake accessories can be added to the sleds for control by the passengers or skiers. The front brake accessory has a knotted polypro rope with a lanyard so that it can be controlled from the sled's waistbelt. The rear brake accessory's passive design has two aluminum flaps that float freely when the sled is moving forward, but pivot downward to dig into the snow when the sled starts to slip backwards on inclines. This feature is beneficial to advanced cross- country skiers when ascending steep terrain. The Expedition Sled has a high impact fiberglass shell that is torsionally rigid, making it easier to control and harder to roll over. Either one or two (for carrying a child or passenger) adjustable and removable seats are available. The Expedition Sled weighs approximately 15 pounds and measures 17 by 53 inches. An optional windscreen can be purchased to attach to the sled and protect the sledder from wind. The Mountainsmith Armadillo Sled is a high density polyethylene hulled sled that was designed shorter and lighter than the Expedition Sled for transporting on a person's back. With the nylon sled covers and harness, the Armadillo Sled weighs only about 10 pounds. The dimensions of the Armadillo are one inch wider and twelve inches shorter than the Expedition Sled.
A familiar name in the mono-ski industry is the Shadow line developed by 1992 Paralympic gold medalist Jim Martinson. His company, Magic In Motion, was recently acquired by the Quickie Designs division of Sunrise Medical. The entire line of Shadow adaptive sports equipment will still be available under this new management, with Mr. Martinson continuing to be instrumental in the design and marketing of these products. He is also working to expand the mono-ski line with a model for children that will have a shorter seat length and will weigh less than the current model, the 38-pound Shadow Mono-Ski. The Shadow Mono-Ski has carried many top competitors to victory in major sit-ski competitions around the world. The speed sensitive, variable dampening shock system is available in light, medium, or heavy. The adjustable boot shell is made of high density polyethylene, is vacuum formed, and flexible. Lined with closed- cell foam and designed with straps at the foot, knee, legs, and waist, the shell forms a tight fit to the skier's body to enable the best possible translation of body movement to ski control. A rigid, height-adjustable upper back support with chest straps is optional for skiers with high-level injuries. An advantageous feature of the Mono-ski is the ability to raise the seat into a temporarily locked position for chairlift loading. The skier uses a lever-action to activate the raise, allowing un-aided loading. Then, the slightest pressure from the lift chair's safety bar during preparation for un-loading easily "pops" the mechanism into a ski-ready position. The adjustable height Shadow outriggers for mono-skis are lightweight, with aluminum shafts and two-position ski tips.
The Unik-1 mono-ski by Enabling Technologies, Inc. also includes a patented self-loading design. This 29-pound model has an air/oil shock absorber suspension system that is adjustable for terrain and skier skill. The high-backed fiberglass bucket seat is designed to incorporate a Jay (Jay Medical Ltd) Protector cushion (at additional charge). Other features included with the purchase of the Unik-1 mono-ski are an evacuation harness, adjustable chest strap, safety harness, rear and side grab handles, one set of ski mounting brackets, and adjustable knee and footrests with straps. The Unik-2 Jr. is a smaller model designed for children.
The Downhill Alpine Advantage mono-ski by Mountain Man has specially designed skis mounted to shocks that will double edge in a turn. The ski system comes with a full body support design molded of fiberglass. A chairlift accessory provides self-loading and unloading.
Radventure, Inc. carries three models of mono-skis: the Yetti Framework, the Yetti Kestral, and the Yetti Merlin. The Yetti Framework ski is aerodynamically designed with a fiberglass/Kevlar1 seat and matching footplate that curls up slightly to protect the skier's feet. The mounting set-up has quick-disconnect "skewers" so that the ski can be mounted without using tools. The seat can be raised or lowered, and is also adjustable by sliding it forwards or backwards to lengthen or shorten the frame. The size of the seat is made to measure for any individual. The Yetti has a small shock under the footplate to quiet the "chatter", or vibration, of the ski tip. The use of this shock is optional; advanced skiers may wish to disconnect it to provide more ski tip flexibility while maneuvering through moguls. Safety features of the Yetti include a three-point evacuation system, rubber stoppers on the seat and footplate to help grab the snow if the ski should go down, and double-tubed webbing and heavy duty pinch-type buckles on the straps. The Yetti Child is a junior size framework mono-ski for children. The Yetti Kestral (for children) and Merlin (for adults) models feature shell-style skier compartments. Both are ski lift compatible. Color options are available.
OrthoPro, Inc. completed extensive testing of the Horizon Mono Ski prototype at the end of 1992. The Horizon, which was test skied by members of the U.S. Disabled Ski Team (USDST) in California, Colorado, Washington state, and Canada, is now commercially available. The loading system of the Horizon utilizes a compressed air cylinder under the seat to assist the skier in raising the seat for chairlift loading. This mechanism, activated by the skier pushing down on the outriggers, takes the seat from 11 or 12 inches to a locked, loading position of 18 to 19 inches. The suspension is based on a parallelogram design: the parallel support struts travel together in an arc to provide a smooth suspension action while keeping the seat level during shock travel. The shock damper is capable of four or more inches of downward travel and can be adjusted for different ski conditions. Made of aluminum, the entire mono-ski weighs approximately 20 pounds and disassembles into three pieces for transport and storage.
A.T.'s Freedom Factory has a mono-ski that weighs 26 pounds and is designed to provide both the beginner and experienced mono-skiier precision steering and fast reaction time for quick directional change and bump absorption. This model, the Mogul Master, rises to 21 inches for chairlift self-loading and also adjusts for height-above-snow seat variations. The Mogul Master is available with choice of three fiberglass bucket-seat sizes. All models have a three-point evacuation system and safety, knee, waist, and chest straps. The chassis is made of teflon-coated, hard anodized aluminum and stainless steel hardware for corrosion resistance.
Two-ski designs for downhill skiing are cropping up around the U.S. and are designed for beginning sit-skiers and high-level, incomplete quadriplegics. The Enabling Technologies Bi-ski is a two-ski model that is currently on the market. Mountain Man has prototypes of both a bi-ski and a sit-ski designed specifically for quadriplegics. These two new models are expected out sometime in early 1993.
Due to the pricey nature of ski equipment (1992 price range approximately $800-$2500 for mono-skis and sit sleds, and $113 to $200 for pairs of outriggers), individuals interested in learning to ski should shop around and try different models to see what works best. Most of the resorts and ski instruction programs contacted for this publication have adaptive equipment that can be rented. As new skiers gain experience, different features and models that suit the individual's needs and preferences will become apparent, and he or she can then seek manufacturers whose products will satisfy those needs. Some manufacturers will work with the individual to customize a sled or sit-ski if existing models fall short of a person's ideal design; others may decide to create their own. One such custom designer is Dave Kiley, two-time gold medalist at the 1992 Winter Paralympics, who built a mono- ski to suit his own competitive equipment requirements. Mr. Kiley has sold several dozen of his custom-made mono-skis to other downhill racers with similar equipment expectations.
Ski competitions for both standing and sitting skiers are held yearly around the country and abroad. Mount Hood Meadows Ski Resort (OR) and Aspen Highlands Ski Area (CO) have hosted the U.S. Ski Championships in the past two years; the 1990 World Disabled Championships took place at Winter Park, CO; the 1992 Ski Spectacular was held in Breckenridge, CO; and local and regional competitions are held at most resorts that have ski instruction programs for skiers with disabilities. National championships are held every year by the National Handicapped Sports and Recreation Association (NHSRA) and the United States Association of Blind Athletes (USABA). Information on these and other associations and ski resorts with disabled ski programs is found at the end of this guide.
Competitions for sit-skiing are divided into classes based on the skier's level of injury or type of disability and by the event (Slalom, Giant Slalom, Super G and downhill for Alpine skiing, 5K and 10K for Nordic skiing). Men and women compete separately.
Ice skating is another very popular and traditional recreational activity for winter. For all beginning skaters, wobbly ankles and decreased balance on the ice are normal and usually overcome with a little practice. For persons with disabilities that affect coordination or ambulatory mobility, there are several aids to help them gain stability. One is a support frame for skating that the skater pushes in front of himself or herself like a walker. Another device is the skate outrigger that works on the same principle as the ski outrigger, but has an ice skating blade attachment on the end of the crutch. Forward motion is achieved by moving the arms in a circular motion to use the edges of the blade for propulsion. The skater brakes by using the jagged front end of the blade. At this time of this printing, the two companies that manufacture ice skating outriggers and the skate walker had discontinued them. If you know of a company or of an individual who makes these devices, please contact our offices.
Less well-known but increasing in popularity is the sport of ice racing using an ice sleigh. This infant sport was officially recognized in 1984 at the Innsbruck Olympic Games, and first scheduled as a Paralympic event in 1988, when 100-, 500-, and 1,500-meter races were held. Like cross-country skiing, this sport requires a lot of upper body strength to propel the sleigh forward. The ice racer uses poles (similar to ski poles but with sharper picks at the ends) to gain ground and speed.
Sledge hockey is an exciting sport for individuals with mobility disabilities that has quite a following in Canada, Norway, and other northern European countries, and an ever increasing number of participants in the U.S. Sledge hockey uses the rules of regular ice hockey; the only difference is in the equipment used by the players. A sledge, or ice sled, is used for mobility on the ice, and the players' sticks are modified with picks at the end. ALTimate Medical, Inc. (AMI) is the only manufacturer of sledges in North America. The AMI Sport Sledge is a meter and a half long sleigh with chutes under the seat to the rear of the sleigh and a curved, tubular steel runner under the skater's feet at the front. The skater is belted to the sledge with two safety belts at the waist and the ankles. The sledge has side guards to protect the individual in both competition and recreation. Standard seat widths are 14, 16, or 18 inches with a 14-inch depth. A standard or high back is available. This lightweight sledge (15 pounds) dismantles for easy transporting. According to News and Notes newsletter, the American Sledge Hockey Association can be contacted for further information on playing rules or starting up sledge hockey teams.
Adequate clothing and mobility accessories are just as important for enjoying winter sports and recreation activities as good equipment is to performing them. Insulated clothing is essential, especially for individuals with paralysis, due to the threat of hypothermia. Listed below are a few examples of the types of winter clothing and mobility accessories that are available on the market and adaptive designs that you can do at home.
Everest and Jennings Avenues offers a complete line of adaptive clothing for all seasons. Their winter wear and accessories include Striped Toasters, a leg warmer/body sack to keep the wearer's lower body warm and dry on winter nights or during outdoor activities. These waist-to- toe blanket sacks are made of a weather resistant nylon outer shell and lined with dense sheepskin. They can be secured with Velcro to the back of a wheelchair, and have front zippers that allow partial or full opening of the bag. The Super Snuggler is a quilted blanket sack for indoor use only. This washable leg warmer belts around the waist and covers the legs while leaving the seat area open. This model is side- opening with Velcro strips.
Golden Health Care Apparel sells men's ski coats and all-weather coats that have a variety of closure options (zipper, snap, Velcro and button) for versatility and ease of dressing.
For kids, Child's Play has Children's Mittens that are thumbless, fasten with Velcro tabs and are lined with Thinsulate. Snowpants by Child's Play have elastic waists or bib fronts with straps. Bib pants have full front-opening seams with Velcro tabs, adjustable straps, and elastic anklets. The Snowpants are made of water repellent fabric and also contain ThinsulateTM lining. Special Clothes for Special Children has back or front opening jackets. The back opening style has a shorter cut front for chair users; the front opening style is all one length. Both styles have elasticized removable hoods, Velcro closures and ribbed cuffs. These washable jackets are made of poplin with polyester fiberfill. Special Clothes for Special Children also has thumbless mittens that are extra wide to accommodate clenched fists.
Many clothes can be easily adapted by replacing buttons and zippers with Velcro tabs or snaps. To avoid sitting on heavy folds of fabric, overcoats can be altered by cutting out a portion of the rear of the coat and then re-hemming the sides seams. For do-it-yourself clothing designs, please contact the ABLEDATA offices.
For wheelchair users who transport their chairs on exterior vehicle lifts or who may be leaving their chairs outside while participating in winter activities, several companies make wheelchair covers. Wheelchair Carrier Inc. carries covers made of nylon pack-cloth with urethane coating for power lift carriers and scooters or power wheelchairs. Covers by Maddak Inc. are clear vinyl with cotton bindings.
Maddak, Inc. also distributes two models of tire cleaners, No Trax and Economy No Trax. These brush and roller systems clean debris, mud, and snow from wheelchair tires. Stainless steel rollers allow wheels to rotate through the cleaning brushes. Replacement brush sets are available.
For wheeling in the snow and on ice, G & R Specialties and Handi-Trak, Inc. make tire chains for wheelchairs. Ground Grabbers (G & R Specialties) act like miniature automobile tire chains, increasing wheelchair traction in mud, sand, ice, or snow. The chains are attached by rolling onto the chain while guiding the elastic bands over the wheel. Ground Grabbers are designed for standard 24-inch wheels, but custom sizes are available. Sno-Traks by Handi-Trak are strips with four sets of short chains that are attached with adhesive tabs to any number of strategic intervals around the rim. Chain lengths are adjustable for different tire widths, and the strips can be cut down to fit around tires on any size rims: manual and motorized wheelchairs and three- wheeled scooters. Manual chair sets include 12 straps, power chair sets 10 straps, and three-wheeled scooter sets 6 straps. Additional adhesive straps can be ordered so that the chain straps can be used on more than one chair. Brakes may need to be adjusted to clear the tire accessories with models by both of these manufacturers.
For safer assisted walking on winter surfaces, cane and crutch tips with ice grippers are available. Monadnock Lifetime Products manufactures the Monadnock Ice Gripper for canes or crutches that provides positive gripping and nonskid support on snow and ice. These chrome-plated grippers are metal, ringed bands mounted on a spring coil which is positioned onto the shaft of the cane or crutch. A pin is inserted through the shaft about halfway up the coil. By twisting the coil either up or down, the grippers are extended below the normal rubber tip for outdoor use or retracted to a position above the tip for indoor use. Hendry Aids Sweden5 manufactures Ice Pick Tips in three styles: The Single Point Ice Pick (with one sharp point), the Crown Point Ice Pick (with 5 points in a ring), and the Retractable Ice Pick (with 4 retractable points. Both the Single and Crown Point tips fold up when not in use. All models are made of stainless steel and attach to most standard canes and crutches.
Raychem Corp. of California manufactures a permanent snow melting system, the Electro-melt System, that automatically melts snow and de- ices concrete pavement in driveways, sidewalks, steps, and ramps. The heating cables are cut to the length of the site and imbedded in the concrete.
This is the close of the ABLEDATA Fact Sheet on Winter Sports and Recreation, but we hope that it serves as a beginning for interested persons with disabilities to become involved in winter sports activities. If, while doing further research, you come across new information on resorts, equipment, or instruction related to winter sports and recreational activities, please contact the ABLEDATA offices so that we might include the information in subsequent revised editions of this publication.
Altimate Medical Inc.
913 South Washington
Redwood Falls, MN 56283
800/342-8968 or 507/637-3331
ALTimate Sport Sledge
A.T.'S Freedom Factory
P.O. Box 641473
San Jose, CA 95164
408/259-1122
Mogul Master
Child's Play
3359 Collingwood SW
Wyoming, MI 49509
616/530-2471
Adaptive Winter Clothing
Enabling Technologies Inc.
2225 South Plat River Drive
Denver, CO 80223-4017
303/936-0232
Unik-1 Mono-Ski
Bi-ski
Unik-2 Jr.
Superlite Outrigger
Everset & Jennings Avenues
3233 East Mission Oaks Boulevard
Camarillo, CA 93012
800/848-2837
Adaptive Winter Clothing
G & R Specialties
Route 2, Box 140
Elgin, TX 78621
512/285-5379
Ground Grabbers
Golden Health Care Apparel
777 New Durham Road
Edison, NJ 08817
800/433-4422 or 908/906-5600
Adaptive Winter Clothing
Handi-Trak Inc.
5150 North 32nd Street
Milwaukee, WI 53209
800/726-7718 or 414/466-8725
Sno-Traks
Hendry Aids Sweden
c/o North Coast Medical, Inc.
187 Stauffer Boulevard
San Jose, CA 95125-1042
800/821-9319 or 408/283-1950
Ice Pick Tips
Innovator of Disability Equipment and Adaptations (IDEA), Inc.
1393 Meadowcreek Drive, Suite 2
Pewaukee, WI 53072
414/691-4248
Ski Pick
Kiley, Dave
Director, Wheelchair Sports
Casa Colina Hospital
2850 North Garey Avenue
Pomona, CA 91767
714/596-7733
Custom built mono-ski
Lacome Inc.
P.O. Box 77
Taos, NM 87571
505/758-5816
LaCome FlipSki
Maddak Inc.
6 Industrial Road
Pequannock, NJ 07440
800/443-4926 or 201/628-7600
No Trax
Economy No Trax
Wheelchair Cover
Monadnock Lifetime Products
P.O. Box B
Fitzwilliam, NH 03447
603/585-6810
Monadnock Ice Gripper
Mountain Man
720 Front Street
Bozeman, MT 59715
406/587-0310
Down Hill Sit N Ski
Cross Country Sit N Ski
Downhill Alpine Advantage
Mountainsmith
15866 West 17th Avenue
Golden, CO 80401
303/279-5930
Expedition Sled
Armadillo Sled
Orthopro Inc.
P.O. Box 10628
Reno, NV 89510
702/826-1866
Horizon Mono Ski
Quickie Designs Inc.
(Formerly Magic In Motion)
20604 84th Avenue South
Kent, WA 98032-1224
800/342-1579 or 206/872-0722
Shadow Mono-Ski I
Shadow Outriggers
Radvaenture Inc.
20755 SW 238th Place
Sherwood, OR 97140
503/628-2895
Yetti Framework (adult)
Yetti Child
Yetti Kestral
* Yetti Merlin
Mono-Ski Outrigger
3-Track Outrigger
3-Track Flip-Up Outrigger
Raychem Corp
300 Constitution Drive
Menlo Park, CA 94025
415/361-3333
Electro Melt System
Ski Eze USA Inc.
4401 Devonshire
Lansing, MI 48910
517/487-0924 or 517/882-4608
Ski Handle
Ski Stabilizers, models J-6, J-8, S-6
Slider Stabilizer
Special Clothes for Special Children
P.O. Box 4220
Alexandria, VA 22303
703/683-7343
Child's Jacket
Thumbless Mittens
TRS Inc. - Therapeutic Recreation Systems
1280 28th Street, Suite 3
Boulder, CO 80303-1797
800/621-8385 or 303/444-4720
All Terrain Ski Terminal Device: AT-SKI-TD
Wheelchair Carrier Inc.
726 Farnsworth Road
P.O. Box 79
Waterville, OH 43566
419/878-8511
Power Lift Carrier Cover
As the saying goes, everybody has to start somewhere. The following is a preliminary list of resorts that have established programs for skiers with disabilities. A brief description of their programs has also been provided. This is by no means a complete listing; more and more ski resorts are initiating ski programs for persons with disabilities and making their resort facilities accessible. It is suggested that interested persons call the nearest resort or any of the sports associations listed at the end of this guide. Please remember that although a resort may allow mono-skis and sled skis on its slopes or even have instruction for skiers with disabilities, it does not necessarily mean that all of its facilities or access to the lodge/ski area from the parking lot are barrier free. It is advisable to ask about this when contacting the resorts.
Alpine Alternatives,
ATTN: Margaret Weber,
2518 East Tubor, Suite 105,
Anchorage, AK 99507.
907/561-7452.
Adaptive stand and sit-ski instruction. NHS affiliate/chapter.
Aspen Handicapped Skiers Association,
ATTN: Edwin or Jeff Lucks,
P.O. Box 5429,
Snowmass Village, CO 81615.
303/923-3294.
NHS affiliate.
Breckenridge Outdoor Education Center,
c/o Scott Ingram, Executive Director,
P.O. Box 697,
917 Airport Road,
Breckenridge, CO 80424.
303/453-6422
Full- and half-day packages that include lessons, equipment, ski buddy, and
lift ticket. Blind guides and ski buddies available without lesson and equipment
package. Sit-skiing, mono-skiing, bi-skiing, skiing for blind/low vision and
deaf/hard of hearing individuals. NHS affiliate.
Connecticut Handicapped Ski Foundation,
ATTN: Sal Ucello,
South Windsor, CT 06074.
203/644-1322.
NHS affiliate.
Crested Butte Physically Challenged Skier Program,
ATTN: Carla Fanciullo,
P.O. Box A,
Mt. Crested Butte, CO 81224.
303/349-2296.
NHS affiliate.
Durango/Purgatory Handicapped Sports Association,
P.O. Box 1884,
Durango, CO 81302.
303/247-9000, ext. 3217.
Full day private lessons for children and adults of all ages with any disability;
mono-ski, bi-ski, sit-ski, and stand skiing techniques taught. Lesson, lift
ticket, and equipment rental included in daily prices. Accessible area
hotels listed in their information booklet. Competitions and races organized
by the program and held at the resort. NHS affiliate.
Horizons,
c/o Christine K. Collins,
P.O. Box 774867,
Steamboat Springs, CO 80477.
303/879-4466.
New England Handicapped Sportsmen's Association,
c/o Earl Plummer,
26 McFarlin Road,
Chelmsford, MA 01824.
800/628-4484 or 508/256-3240.
Snow mobiling, mono-ski, and sit-ski instruction. Rental equipment and lessons
are free, available for ten weeks during the winter. Reservations are required.
NHS affiliate.
Norsk Cross Country Ski Center,
New London, NH.
603/526-4685.
Cross country sit-skiing.
Royal Gorge Cross Country Ski Resort,
Ski Able Foundation,
Soda Springs, CA.
916/426-3781
Cross country sit-skiing.
Skiforall School,
4160 86th Street SE,
Mercer Island, WA 98040.
206/328-3732
Downhill and cross-country instruction for standing and sit-skiing for persons
with physical, cognitive, and sensory disabilities. Skiforall is one of the
largest instruction schools for skiers with disabilities in the country. Equipment
rentals are available for participants in the program.
Sundown Handicapped Skiers,
ATTN: Tom Gavin, Sundown Ski Area,
9000 Asbury Road,
Dubuque, IA 52001.
NHS affiliate.
Vermont Handicapped Ski Foundation,
P.O. Box 261,
Brownsville, VT 05037.
802/484-7711, ext. 3005
Sit-skiing.
Vinland National Center,
c/o Joan Saari,
3675 Ihduhapi Road,
Loretto, MN 55357.
612/479-3555
Skiing and snowmobiling to participants in a rehabilitation program offered
at the Winter Center.
Waterville Valley Ski Touring Center,
Town Square,
Waterville, NH 03215.
603/236-4666
Sit-skiing. Hours of operation: 8:30 to 4:30 pm, 7 days a week. Provides ski
sleds, rents equipment, full lessons for all levels, specialty clinics, hosts
races.
Winter Park Sports and Learning Center,
c/o Hal O'Leary,
PO Box 36,
Winter Park, CO 80482.
303/726-5514, ext. 179
Skiing and snowmobiling available. Full- or half-day, individual and group lessons
available for mono-skiing, bi-skiing, sit-skiing, and standing skiing for all
disability groups. Equipment rentals available. NHS affiliate.
National Handicapped Sports and Recreation Association,
451 Hungerford Drive, Suite 100,
Rockville, MD 20850.
301/217-0960.
This is the largest sports organization in the U.S. for persons with disabilities.
There are 86 local chapters and affiliates. NHS holds Learn to Ski clinics,
and begins their ski season with the Ski Spectacular for Disabled Skiers in
Breckenridge, CO. A video is available from NHS on "Adaptive Ski Teaching
Methods". Call NHS at the general number listed above for details. For
information on NHS ski competitions, contact Brian Williams, NHS Competition
Manager, at 301/217-0960. For information on instruction programs, contact Doug
Pringle, NHS Education Manager, at 916/989-0402 (CA).
Flying Outriggers Ski Club,
ATTN: Jolene M. Corey,
320 SW Stark, Suite 211,
Portland, OR 97204-2672.
503/222-1327.
NHS affiliate.
Philadelphia Area Handicapped Skiing Club,
ATTN: Isabel Bohn,
4318 Spruce Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19003.
215/222-6277.
Ski for Light, Inc.,
1400 Carole Lane,
Green Bay, WI 54313.
414/494- 5572.
United States Ski Association, Program for the Handicapped,
518 Lake Forest Drive,
Bay Village, OH 44140.
216/871-4494.
Utah Handicapped Skiers Association,
ATTN: Steve Peterson,
P.O. Box 543,
Roy, UT 84067-0543. 801/777-7029.
NHS affiliate.
Vermont Handicapped Ski and Sports Association,
ATTN: Laura Farrell,
P.O. Box 261,
Brownsville, VT 05037.
802/484-3525.
NHS affiliate.
52 Association, Inc.,
441 Lexington Avenue, Suite 502,
New York, NY 10017.
212/986-5281.
Association for Disabled Skiing,
Box 875,
Station M,
Calgary, Alberta T2P 2J6,
Canada.
403/286-8050.
Canadian Association for Disabled Skiing (CADS),
Box 307,
Kimberly, British Columbia V1A 2Y9,
Canada.
604/427-7712.
National headquarters for eight divisions of disabled skiing organizations in
Canada.
Disabled Skiers Association of British Columbia,
1200 Hornby Street,
Vancouver, British Columbia V6Z 2E2,
Canada.
604/687-3333.
Ontario Handicapped Ski Association,
1220 Sheppard Avenue East,
Willowdale, Ontario 72K 2X1,
Canada.
416/495-4210.
Three Track Ski,
Box 1260,
Station Q,
Toronto, Ontario M4T 2P4,
Canada.
Disabled Outdoors Magazine.
5223 South Lorel Avenue,
Chicago, IL 60638.
312/284-2206.
Articles, product descriptions, accessible resort listings, and personal accounts
pertaining to outdoor activities including fishing, hunting, boating, and camping.
Quarterly.
Handicapped Sport Report.
National Handicapped Sports,
1145-19th Street NW,
Suite 717,
Washington, DC 20036.
Information about organizational activities such as ski and fitness programs,
scheduled events and highlights, news from the organization's chapters.
Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy.
Dr. Gary L. Smidt,
The University of Iowa,
S-114, Westlawn,
Iowa City, IA 52242.
Research studies, case studies, commentaries, abstracts of current literature,
book reviews, new products and opportunities for training.
Palaestra. Challenge Publications, Ltd.,
P.O. Box 508,
Macomb, IL 61455.
309/833-1902.
Articles on sports, recreation, and physical education for people with physical
or developmental disabilities. Research applications, sport nutrition, audiovisual
and book reviews, new products, personal training profiles, and a calendar of
events are included.
Special Recreation Digest.
362 Koser Avenue,
Iowa City, IA 52246-3038.
319/337-7578.
Information on programs, services, publications, meetings, materials, and special
recreation needs of people with disabilities. Quarterly.
New Mobility (Formerly Spinal Network Extra).
P.O. Box 4162,
Boulder, CO 80306.
800/338-5412; 303/449-5412.
Articles and features, letters to the editor, sports news, and information about
new books and upcoming events. Quarterly.
Sports 'n Spokes.
Paralyzed Veterans of America,
5201 North 19th Avenue, Suite 111,
Phoenix, AZ 85015.
602/246-9426.
Wheelchair competitive sports and recreation. Bimonthly.
Vision (Formerly SportsScoop).
USABA,
33 North Institute Street, Suite 105,
Colorado Springs, CO 80903.
719/630-0422.
News, announcements, and activities of the United States Association for Blind
Athletes (USABA). Reports on local, regional, national, and international sports
events and information for persons with visual impairments. Quarterly.
Axelson, Peter. "Development and Evaluation of the Arroya Downhill Ski-Sledding System for Persons with Disabilities: Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on Rehabilitation Engineering: International Year of Disabled Persons: Washington DC, Aug 30-Sep 3, 1981. Rehabilitation Engineering Society of North America (RESNA), Washington, DC. 1981.
Describes the ARROYA sled-like device constructed of reinforced fiberglass for downhill ski-sledding. Includes exploded view drawing and evaluation of the recreational device. Author affiliated with Palo Alto Veterans Administration Medical Center Rehabilitative Engineering Research and Development Center, California. For Conference Proceedings see NARIC call number R0111.
Axelson, Peter. "Sit-skiing Part I", Sports 'n Spokes, Vol. 9, No. 5, January/February 1984, pp. 28-31.
Journal reprint describing the sport of sit-skiing. Discusses clothing requirements, adaptive equipment, adapting to the environment, adapting the environment to the sit-skier, instruction techniques, competitive sit-skiing, and lodging. Addresses accessibility, transportation, liability, injury, and respect between the sit-skier and the ski area management. Includes photographs.
Axelson, Peter. "Sit-skiing Part II", Sports 'n Spokes, Vol. 9, No. 6, March/April 1984, pp. 34-40.
Journal reprint describing the sport of sit-skiing. Discusses physical and mental preparation and the use of lift facilities. Describes learning to sit-ski including various turning and stopping techniques. Uses photographs and narrative to describe the use of a tether for instruction. Discusses the necessary components to establish a sit-ski program: personnel, equipment, fundraising, and administration.
Canadian Association for Disabled Skiing. Skiing is Believing. British Columbia, Canada, 1981.
Special publication detailing skiing for the disabled including programs to rehabilitate, train, and instruct. Includes articles on recreational and competition skiing and profiles disabled individuals. Provides photographs and description of special equipment.
Isom, Rick. "To Ski or Not to Ski", Sports 'n Spokes, Vol. 16, No. 5, January/February 1991, pp. 29-39.
Isom, a T12 paraplegic, has won over 25 medals in domestic and international sit-ski competitions. In this article, he describes why persons with disabilities would want to sit-ski, a history of sit- skiing, sit-ski equipment and manufacturers, protocol at ski areas, and sit-ski competitions.
Kauffman, Jody. "Cross-Country Sit-skiing," Sports 'n Spokes, Vol. 15, No. 5, January/February 1990, pp. 50-52.
Describes cross-country sit-ski techniques, cross-country sleds, and places to cross-country ski. Lists organizations that have cross-country ski programs. Includes photos.
Kegel, Bernice, RPT. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, Clinical
Supplement No. 1: Sports and Recreation for Those with Lower Limb Amputation
or Impairment, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Washington, DC, 1985.
Leung, P. "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let it Snow!: Persons with Disabilities Skiing", Journal of Rehabilitation, Vol. 54, No. 1, Jan- Feb-Mar 1988, pp. 10-13.
An upbeat, encouraging discussion of skiing for persons with disabilities. Included are discussions of what kind of equipment is available for varying degrees of disability and of sports programs available to persons with disabilities, especially those available at the Winter Park Sports Science Center, a skiing center with a long history of teaching individuals with disabilities to ski. The piece ends by acknowledging that there aren't many facilities available to persons with disabilities, but that as persons with disabilities make their needs known, more facilities will become available. Included at the end are the addresses of two programs that feature skiing for persons with disabilities. (NARIC call number XJ11246.)
Levesque, C., Gauthie-Gagnon, C., and Fillauer, K D. "An Improved Downhill Skiing Prosthesis", Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, Vol. 1, No. 2, January 1989, pp. 104-109.
Description of prosthesis developed to limit piston action and improve limb-socket reaction time during downhill skiing. Highlights modification of thigh corset suspension which restores full knee function without compromising advantage of increased weight-bearing surface area of thigh lacer. Clinical test with 27-year-old below-knee amputee recounted. Major advantage noted is that use of device not restricted to downhill skiing. It can be used in practice of wide variety of sports where limb-socket reaction time, as well as full knee function, need to be improved. In these other cases, prosthesis is aligned for gait with the appropriate type shoe. Authors outline additional modifications needed in new prosthesis. References and Figures included. (NARIC call number XJ10784.)
Linville, Chris. "Snow Show," Sports 'n Spokes, Vol. 17, No. 1, May/June 1991, pp. 33-36.
A write-up on the US ski championships held April 1-8, 1991, at the Mount Hood Meadows Ski Resort, Mount Hood, OR. Describes the competition, lists sponsors of the event, identifies the event winners, and has a section on the Most Outstanding Mono-Skier, as chosen by the Paralyzed Veterans of America (PVA). Includes photos.
McCormick, David P., MD. "Skiing Injuries Among Sit-Skiers", Sports 'n Spokes, Vol. 10, No. 6, March/April 1985, pp. 20-21.
Describes the frequency and type of injuries sustained by sit-skiers. Reports the age, sex, disability, racing activity, sit-ski model, method of sit-skiing, and injuries of 23 respondents. Recommends strategies for reducing injuries. Includes illustrations, a table and references. (NARIC call number XJ0733.)
O'Leary, Hal. Bold Tracks: Skiing for the Disabled, Cordillera Press, Inc., 1989, 159 pages.
Manual for persons involved with instruction of adaptive skiing techniques, ski resort owners, fund raisers, program directors, volunteers, and skiers with disabilities themselves. Techniques for two, three, and four-track skiing; sit and mono-skiing; skiing for amputees, persons with cerebral palsy, sensory disabilities, and developmental disabilities are covered. Includes other sections on adaptive equipment, competition programs, terminology, and medical definitions, medications, and resources. The author was inducted into the Colorado Ski Hall of Fame in 1991 for founding the National Sports Center for the Disabled (NSCD). Available from Cordillera Press, P.O. Box 3699, Evergreen, CO 80439. $16.95. Paperpack. ISBN 0-917895-22-3.
Orr, Larry F. "Cross-Country Sled Skiing", Sports 'n Spokes, Vol. 8, No. 5, January/February 1983, pp. 18-20.
Describes the history of equipment and training for, and competition in cross-country sled, or pulk, skiing for people with mobility impairment. Describes a modification of the traditional pulk that makes it more practical and easy to use for sledders with disabilities. Provides safety and preparation tips for participating in the sport, as well as a list of information sources on sledding and dog sledding for persons with disabilities. (NARIC call number XJ2296.)
Orr, L. "Pulk Skiing, Sled Skiing, and Ice Sledding for Persons with Mobility Impairments," Vinland National Center, MN, 1981.
Introduction to pulk skiing, alpine, or cross country skiing using sleds and poles which allows people with mobility disabilities to ski. Describes the sleds and their care and maintenance, proper clothing for skiing, getting into the sled, safety procedures, ice sledding, dog sledding, cross disability programming, and recruitment of pulk skiers. Appendices include skill development checklist, lists of training programs, events and equipment, first aid instructions for frostbite or cold exposure, and classifications for competitions. (NARIC call number R01071.)
Pringle, D. "Winter Sports for the Amputee Athlete", Clinical Prosthetics and Orthotics, Vol. 11, No. 3, Summer 1987, pp. 114-117.
A brief history of winters sports as enjoyed by amputees together with a discussion of the various kinds of winter sports available to them. Downhill and Nordic skiing are the two sports stressed. For downhill, techniques and equipment are discussed as they apply to three-track skiing, four-track skiing, blind skiing, and sit-skiing. Instruction and competition availability, both mainly from the National Handicapped Sports and Recreation Association (NHS), are mentioned. Nordic skiing is not as well established in the US as downhill, and little instruction for persons with disabilities is available, although the U.S. Disabled Ski Team includes both downhill and Nordic events. Snowmobiling, ice boating, bike sailing, and ice fishing are other winter sports also available to persons with disabilities. (NARIC call number XJ07983.)
Research and Training Center for Persons with Spinal Cord Injury (TIRR). Free to Ski, Baylor College of Medicine and The Institute for Rehabilitation and Research, TX, 1983.
This video tape describes how rehabilitation counselors or recreational therapists can introduce skiing to clients, including information about planning a ski trip as part of the recreational component of a rehabilitation program. It gives a quick overview on asking for financial support, such as administration, volunteers, staff, and donors. Color VHS video tape. 12 minutes. (NARIC call number XR06240.)
Schroeder, H; Perry, L. Amputee Ski Technique, Portland Junior Chamber of Commerce Portland, OR, 1965.
Snow skiing techniques for persons with lower limb amputation. Describes exercises, appropriate terrain, exercise purpose, mechanics and movements, and common causes for error. Discusses walking on skis, climbing, herringbone, falling down and getting up, side step, side slip, traversing, downhill running, turns, tows, and lifts. Includes a glossary of terms, photographs, and figures. (NARIC call number R03297.)
"Ski Spectacular," Sports 'n Spokes, Vol. 16, No. 6, March/April 1991, pp. 60-64.
Write-up of the NHA sponsored annual Ski Spectacular held December 2-9, 1990, at Breckenridge, CO. Events and competitors are described, and results identified. Sponsors of the event are listed. Contains section on Peter Axelson, six-time member of the USDST and creator of the Arroya sit-ski, who won the PVA's Gerhardt award for outstanding athlete of 1990.
Stewart, David A. "Reflections on the 1991 World Winter Games for the Deaf," Palaestra, Vol. 8, No. 1, Fall 1991, pp. 18-23.
Write-up of the 1991 World Winter Games for the Deaf held in Banff, Alberta, Canada. Describes events held, lists medal count, countries participating, and number of athletes per country attending. The philosophy behind the games is summarized, and former and future sites of the Summer and Winter World Games for the Deaf listed for 1924 through 1997.
"Medal Madness: The Winter Paralympics," Sports 'n Spokes Vol. 18, No. 2, July/August 1992, pp. 26-29.
A write-up of the slalom, giant slalom, super G, downhill, and cross- country events at the Sixth paralympic Winter Games held March 22-31, 1992, in Albertville/Tignes, France. Lists medal winners from the United States and includes quotes from the USDST members. Photographs of the competitors included.
United States Association for the Blind Athletes Ski Resort Directory. USABA, 1990.
Directory of ski resorts in the United States that offer instruction for blind and partially sighted persons. Lists resorts in 24 states. Addresses and telephone numbers included. Available from USABA, 33 N. Institute Street, Brown Hall, Suite 15, Colorado Springs, CO 80903.